Attacking Audio "reCaptcha" using Google's Web Speech API

I had a fun project months back, Where I had to deal with digital signal processing and low level audio processing. I was never interested in DSP and all other control system stuffs, But when question arises about breaking things, every thing becomes interesting :) . In this post i'm going to share one technique to fully/ partially bypass reCaptcha test. This is not actually a vulnerability but its better if we call it "Abuse of functionality".

Disclaimer : Please remember this information is for Educational Purpose only and should not be used for malicious purpose. I will not assume any liability or responsibility to any person or entity with respect to loss or damages incurred from information contained in this article.

1. What is Captcha

A CAPTCHA is a program that protects websites against bots by generating and grading tests that humans can pass but current computer programs cannot. The term CAPTCHA (for Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart) was coined in 2000 by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper and John Langford of Carnegie Mellon University.


2. What is Re-captcha

reCAPTCHA is a free CAPTCHA service by Google, that helps to digitize books, newspapers and old time radio shows. More details can be found here.


3. Audio reCaptcha

reCAPTCHA also comes with an audio test to ensure that blind users can freely navigate.

4. Main Idea: Attacking Audio reCaptcha using Google's Web Speech API Service





5. Google Web Speech API

Chrome has a really interesting new feature for HTML5 speech input API. Using this user can talk to computer using microphone and Chrome will interpret it. This feature is also available for Android devices. If you are not aware of this feature you can find a live demo here.

https://www.google.com/intl/en/chrome/demos/speech.html

I was always very curious about the Speech recognition API of chrome. I tried sniff the api/voice traffic using Wireshirk but this API uses SSL. :(.

So finally I started browsing the Chromium source code repo. Finally I found exactly what I wanted.

http://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome/trunk/src/content/browser/speech/

It pretty simple, First the audio is collected from the mic, and then it posts it to Google web service, which responds with a JSON object with the results.  The URL which handles the request is :

https://www.google.com/speech-api/v1/recognize

Another important thing is this api only accepts flac audio format.

6. Programatically Accessing Google Web Speech API(Python)

Below python script was written to send a flac audio file to Google Web Speech API and print out the JSON response.

./google_speech.py hello.flac


'''
Accessing Google Web Speech API using Pyhon
Author : Debasish Mandal

'''

import httplib
import sys

print '[+] Sending clean file to Google voice API'
f = open(sys.argv[1])
data = f.read()
f.close()
google_speech = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.google.com')
google_speech.request('POST','/speech-api/v1/recognize?xjerr=1&client=chromium&lang=en-US',data,{'Content-type': 'audio/x-flac; rate=16000'})
print google_speech.getresponse().read()
google_speech.close()



7. Thoughts on complexity of reCaptcha Audio Challenges

While dealing with audio reCaptcha, you may know , it basically gives two types of audio challenges. One is pretty clean and simple (Example : https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/107519001/easy.wav) . percentage of noise is very less in this type of challenges. 

Another one is very very noisy and its very difficult for even human to guess (Example : https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/107519001/difficult.wav). Constant hissss noise and overlapping voice makes it really difficult to crack human. You may wanna read this discussion on complexity of audio reCapctha.

In this post I will mainly cover the technique / tricks to solve the easier one using Google Speech API. Although I've tried several approaches to solve the complex one, but as I've already said, its very very had to guess digits even for human :( .

8. Cracking the Easy Captcha Manually Using Audacity and Google Speech API

Google Re-captcha allows user to download audio challenges in mp3 format. And Google web speech API accepts audio in flac format. So if we just normally convert the mp3 audio challenge to flac format of frame rate 16000 its does not work :( .  Google Chrome Speech to text api does not respond to this sound.

But after some experiment and head scratching, it was found that we can actually make Google web speech api convert the easy captcha challenge to text for us, if we can process the audio challenge little bit. In this section i will show how this audio manipulation can be done using Audacity.

To manually verify that first I'm going to use a tool called Audacity to do necessary changes to the downloaded mp3 file. 

Step 1: Download the challenge as mp3 file.
Step 2: Open the challenge audio in Audacity.



Step 3: Copy the first digit speaking sound from main window and paste it in a new window. So here we will only have a one digit speaking sound.

Step 4: From effect option make it repetitive once. (Now It should speak the same digit twice).

Lets say for example if the main challenge is  7 6 2 4 6, Now we have only first digit challenge in wav format which having the digit 7 twice.





Step 5: Export the updated audio in WAV format.
Step 6: Now convert the wav file to flac format using sox tool and send it to Google speech server using the python script posted in section 6. And we will see something like this.

Note: In some cases little bit amplification might be required if voice strength is too low.

debasish@debasish ~/Desktop/audio/heart attack/final $ sox cut_0.wav -r 16000 -b 16 -c 1 cut_0.flac lowpass -2 2500
debasish@debasish ~/Desktop/audio/heart attack/final $ python send.py cut_0.flac 


Great! As you can see first digit of the audio challenge has been resolved by Google Speech. :) :) :) Now in same manner we can solve the entire challenge. In next section we will automate the same thing using python and it's wave module. 

9. Automation using Python and it's WAVE Module

Before we jump into processing of raw WAV audio using low level python API, its important to have some idea of how digital audio actually works. In above process we've extracted the most louder voices using audacity but to do it automatically using python, we must have some understanding of how digital audio is actually represented in numbers.

9.1. How is audio represented with numbers

There is an excellent stackoverflow post which explains the same. In short ,we can say audio is nothing but a vibration. Typically, when we're talking about vibrations of air between approximately 20Hz and 20,000Hz. Which means the air is moving back and forth 20 to 20,000 times per second. If somehow we can measure that vibration and convert it to an electrical signal using a microphone, we'll get an electrical signal with the voltage varying in the same waveform as the sound. In our pure-tone hypothetical, that waveform will match that of the sine function.

Now, we have an analogue signal, the voltage. Still not digital. But, we know this voltage varies between (for example) -1V and +1V. We can, of course, attach a volt meter to the wires and read the voltage.  Arbitrarily, we'll change the scale on our volt meter. We'll multiple the volts by 32767. It now calls -1V -32767 and +1V 32767. Oh, and it'll round to the nearest integer.

Now after having a set of signed integers we can easily draw an waveform using the data sets.

X axis -> Time
Y axis -> Amplitude (signed integers)



Now, if we attach our volt meter to a computer, and instruct the computer to read the meter 44,100 times per second. Add a second volt meter (for the other stereo channel), and we now have the data that goes on an audio CD. This format is called stereo 44,100 Hz, 16-bit linear PCM. And it really is just a bunch of voltage measurements.

9.2. WAVE File Format walk through using Python

As an example lets open up a very small wav file with a hex editor.

  

9.3. Parsing the same WAV file using Python

The wave module provides a convenient interface to the WAV sound format. It does not support compression/decompression, but it does support mono/stereo. Now we are going to parse the same wav file using python wave module and try to relate what we have just seen in hex editor.

Let's write a python script:

import wave 
f = wave.open('sample.wav', 'r') 
print '[+] WAV parameters ',f.getparams() 
print '[+] No. of Frames ',f.getnframes() 
for i in range(f.getnframes()): 
    single_frame = f.readframes(1) 
    print single_frame.encode('hex') 
f.close()

Line 1 imports python wav module.
Line 2: Opens up the sample.wav file.
Line 3: getparams() routine returns a tuple (nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname), equivalent to output of the get*() methods.
Line 4: getnframes() returns number of audio frames.
Line 5,6,7: Now we are iterating through all the frames present in the sample.wav file and printing them one by one.
Line 8: Closes the opened file

Now if we run the script we will find something like this:

[+] WAV parameters (1, 2, 44100, 937, 'NONE', 'not compressed')
[+] No. of Frames 937
[+] Sample 0 = 62fe    <- Sample 1
[+] Sample 1 = 99fe   <- Sample 2
[+] Sample 2 = c1ff    <- Sample 3
[+] Sample 3 = 9000
[+] Sample 4 = 8700
[+] Sample 5 = b9ff
[+] Sample 6 = 5cfe
[+] Sample 7 = 35fd
[+] Sample 8 = b1fc
[+] Sample 9 = f5fc
[+] Sample 10 = 9afd
[+] Sample 11 = 3cfe
[+] Sample 12 = 83fe
[+] ....
and so on,

It should make sense now. In first line we get number of channels, sample width , frame/sample rate,total number of frames etc etc. Which is exact same what we saw in the hex editor (Section 9.2). From second line it stars printing the frames/sample which is also same as what we have seen in hex editor. Each channel is 2 bytes long because the audio is 16 bit. Each channel will only be one byte. We can use the getsampwidth() method to determine this. Also, getchannels() will determine if its mono or stereo.

Now its time to decode each and every frames of that file. They're actually little-endian. So we will now modify the python script little bit so that we can get the exact value of each frame. We can use python struct module to decode the frame values to signed integers.

import wave 
import struct 

f = wave.open('sample.wav', 'r') 
print '[+] WAV parameters ',f.getparams() 
print '[+] No. of Frames ',f.getnframes() 
for i in range(f.getnframes()): 
    single_frame = f.readframes(1) 
    sint = struct.unpack('<h', single_frame) [0]
    print "[+] Sample ",i," = ",single_frame.encode('hex')," -> ",sint[0] 
f.close()

This script will print something like this:

[+] WAV parameters (1, 2, 44100, 937, 'NONE', 'not compressed')
[+] No. of Frames 937
[+] Sample 0 = 62fe -> -414
[+] Sample 1 = 99fe -> -359
[+] Sample 2 = c1ff -> -63
[+] Sample 3 = 9000 -> 144
[+] Sample 4 = 8700 -> 135
[+] Sample 5 = b9ff -> -71
[+] Sample 6 = 5cfe -> -420
[+] Sample 7 = 35fd -> -715
[+] Sample 8 = b1fc -> -847
[+] Sample 9 = f5fc -> -779
[+] Sample 10 = 9afd -> -614
[+] Sample 11 = 3cfe -> -452
[+] Sample 12 = 83fe -> -381
[+] Sample 13 = 52fe -> -430
[+] Sample 14 = e2fd -> -542

Now what we can see we have a set of positive and negative integers. Now you should be able to connect the dots. What I have explained in section 9.1. 

So now if we plot the same positive and negative values in a graph will find complete wave form. Lets do it using python matlab module.

import wave 
import struct 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 

data_set = [] 
f = wave.open('sample.wav', 'r') 
print '[+] WAV parameters ',f.getparams() 
print '[+] No. of Frames ',f.getnframes() 
for i in range(f.getnframes()): 
    single_frame = f.readframes(1)
    sint = struct.unpack('<h', single_frame)[0]
    data_set.append(sint) 
f.close() 
plt.plot(data_set) 
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.xlabel('Time') 
plt.show()

This should form following graph

Now you must be familiar with this type of graph. This is what you see in SoundCloud, But definitely more complex one.

So now we have clear understanding of how audio represented in numbers. Now it will be easier for readers to understand how the python script ( shared in section 9.3 ) actually works.

9.3. Python Script

In this section we will develop a script which automate the steps we did using Audacity in Section 8. Below python script will try extract loud voices from input wav file and generate separate wav files.



Once the main challenge is broken into parts we can easily convert it to flac format and send each parts of the challenge to Google speech API using the Python script shared in section 6.

9.4. Demo:



10. Attempt to Crack the Difficult(noisy) audio challenge

So we have successfully broken down the easy challenge.Now its time to give the difficult one a try. So I started with one noisy captcha challenge. You can see the matlab plot of the same noisy audio challenge below.

In above figure we can understand presence of a constant hisss noise. One of the standard ways to analyze sound is to look at the frequencies that are present in a sample. The standard way of doing that is with a discrete Fourier transform using the fast Fourier transform or FFT algorithm. What these basically in this case is to take a sound signal isolate the frequencies of sine waves that make up that sound.

10.1. Signal Filtering using Fourier Transform

Lets get started with a  simple example. Consider a signal consisting of a single sine wave, s(t)=sin(w∗t). Let the signal be subject to white noise which is added in during measurement, Smeasured(t)=s(t)+n. Let F be the Fourier transform of S. Now by setting the value of F to zero for frequencies above and below w, the noise can be reduced. Let Ffiltered be the filtered Fourier transform. Taking the inverse Fourier transform of Ffiltered yields Sfiltered(t). 

The way to filter that sound is to set the amplitudes of the fft values around X Hz to 0. In addition to filtering this peak, It's better to remove the frequencies below the human hearing range and above the normal human voice range. Then we recreate the original signal via an inverse FFT.

I have written couple of scripts which successfully removes the constant hiss noise from the audio file but main challenge is the overlapping voice. Over lapping voice makes it very very difficult even for human to guess digits. Although I was not able to successfully crack any of given difficult challenges using Google Speech API still I've shared few noise removal scrips (using Fourier Transform). 

These scripts can be found in the GitHub project page. There is tons of room for improvement of all this scripts.

11. Code Download

Every code I've written during this project is hosted here:  

12. Conclusion

When I reported this issue to Google security team, they've confirmed that, this mechanism is working as intended. The more difficult audio patterns are only triggered only when abuse/non-human interaction is suspected. So as per the email communication noting is going to be changed to stop this.

Thanks for reading. I hope you have enjoyed. Please drop me an email/comment in case of any doubt and confusion.

13. References

http://rsmith.home.xs4all.nl/miscellaneous/filtering-a-sound-recording.html
http://www.topherlee.com/software/pcm-tut-wavformat.html
http://exnumerus.blogspot.in/2011/12/how-to-remove-noise-from-signal-using.html
http://www.swharden.com/blog/2009-01-21-signal-filtering-with-python/

Comments

  1. Replies
    1. This is sound that seems like it was done in an expert account studio, and nobody needs to realize that you've done it on your PC. علی خدابنده

      Delete
  2. This is sound that seems like it was done in an expert account studio, and nobody needs to realize that you've done it on your PC. audacity for mac

    ReplyDelete
  3. Customers find the audio, find value in the tip, and hit the feed button. Each time the audio is updated, comfortable closed back headphones they are alerted, reminding them to re-visit the site for more great information.

    ReplyDelete
  4. Machine Learning is a practice of studying algorithms and statistics and training the computer to perform a specific task for the recognition of specific data. data science course syllabus

    ReplyDelete
  5. Great article Lot's of information to Read...Great Man Keep Posting and update to People..Thanks trafficize reviews

    ReplyDelete
  6. This is my first time i visit here. I found so many entertaining stuff in your blog, especially its discussion. From the tons of comments on your articles, I guess I am not the only one having all the leisure here! Keep up the good work. I have been meaning to write something like this on my website and you have given me an idea.

    data science course in India

    ReplyDelete
  7. Took me time to read all the comments, but I really enjoyed the article. It proved to be Very helpful to me and I am sure to all the commenters here! It’s always nice when you can not only be informed, but also entertained! technocom email extractor pro download crack

    ReplyDelete
  8. Everything has its value. Thanks for sharing this informative information with us. GOOD works! how to send a mail merge in gmail

    ReplyDelete
  9. I just got to this amazing site not long ago. I was actually captured with the piece of resources you have got here. Big thumbs up for making such wonderful blog page!
    Artificial Intelligence Course

    ReplyDelete
  10. I don t have the time at the moment to fully read your site but I have bookmarked it and also add your RSS feeds. I will be back in a day or two. thanks for a great site.

    Best Course for Digital Marketing In Hyderabad

    ReplyDelete
  11. Seo company in Varanasi, India : Best SEO Companies in Varanasi, India: Hire Kashi Digital Agency, best SEO Agency in varanasi, india, who Can Boost Your SEO Ranking, guaranteed SEO Services; Free SEO Analysis.

    Best Website Designing company in Varanasi, India : Web Design Companies in varanasi We design amazing website designing, development and maintenance services running from start-ups to the huge players


    Wordpress Development Company Varanasi, India : Wordpress development Company In varanasi, india: Kashi Digital Agency is one of the Best wordpress developer companies in varanasi, india. Ranked among the Top website designing agencies in varanasi, india. wordpress website designing Company.

    E-commerce Website designing company varanasi, India : Ecommerce website designing company in Varanasi, India: Kashi Digital Agency is one of the Best Shopping Ecommerce website designing agency in Varanasi, India, which provides you the right services.

    ReplyDelete
  12. Fabulous post, you have denoted out some fantastic points, I likewise think this s a very wonderful website. I will visit again for more quality contents and also, recommend this site to all. Thanks. dotcomsecrets

    ReplyDelete
  13. Audio books have advantages that have hardly been exploited in education, training and many areas of self-help, as a result of the tyranny of the printed word. Let's end that tyranny NOW! Best Car Audio

    ReplyDelete
  14. Nice blog here! Also your website loads up very fast! What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol Mega888 game client download

    ReplyDelete
  15. We are well established IT and outsourcing firm working in the market since 2013. We are providing training to the people ,
    like- Web Design , Graphics Design , SEO, CPA Marketing & YouTube Marketing.Call us Now whatsapp: +(88) 01537587949
    :Freelancing training in Bangladesh
    Free bangla sex video:careful
    good post outsourcing institute in bangladesh

    ReplyDelete
  16. Thank you very much for this useful article. I like it. buy google reviews

    ReplyDelete
  17. Great job for publishing such a nice article. Your article isn’t only useful but it is additionally really informative. Thank you because you have been willing to share information with us. This is an extraordinary motivating article.I am basically satisfied with your great work.You put truly exceptionally accommodating data
    gmbboostup

    ReplyDelete
  18. This is really interesting, You’re a very skilled blogger. I have joined your feed and look forward to seeking more of your great post. Also, I’ve shared your site in my social networks!
    bizodesk

    ReplyDelete
  19. Nice Blog. Learn Digital Marketing Course & digital marketing video course
    at Digital Brolly

    ReplyDelete
  20. Earn Money Online
    Enroll in our Affiliate Marketing course in Hyderabad to learn how to earn money online by becoming an affiliate.

    Live Money Making Proof’s
    We will show you the live accounts that are making money for us and help you replicate the same.
    Affiliate Marketing Course in Hyderabad

    ReplyDelete
  21. Amazing Article ! I would like to thank you for the efforts you had made for writing this awesome article. This article inspired me to read more. keep it up.


    wm casino

    คลิปโป๊

    คลิปxxx

    คลิปโป๊ญี่ปุ่น

    คลิปโป้ไทย

    เรียนภาษาอังกฤษ

    poker online

    ReplyDelete
  22. Watch movies online sa-movie.com, watch new movies, series Netflix HD 4K, ดูหนังออนไลน์ watch free movies on your mobile phone, Tablet, watch movies on the web.

    SEE4K Watch movies, watch movies, free series, load without interruption, sharp images in HD FullHD 4k, all matters, ดูหนังใหม่ all tastes, see anywhere, anytime, on mobile phones, tablets, computers.

    GangManga read manga, read manga, read manga online for free, fast loading, clear images in HD quality, all titles, อ่านการ์ตูน anywhere, anytime, on mobile, tablet, computer.

    Watch live football live24th, watch football online, ผลบอลสด a link to watch live football, watch football for free.

    ReplyDelete
  23. I'm glad I found this web site, I couldn't find any knowledge on this matter prior to.Also operate a site and if you are ever interested in doing some visitor writing for me if possible feel free to let me know, im always look for people to check out my web site. highqualitypvas

    ReplyDelete
  24. You’re so interesting! I don’t believe I’ve truly read something like this before. So great to find someone with genuine thoughts on this issue. Really.. many thanks for starting this up. This website is something that’s needed on the internet, someone with some originality!

    CBSE Schools In Thane
    CBSE Schools In Raigad
    CBSE Schools In Ratnagiri
    CBSE Schools In Sangli
    CBSE Schools In Satara
    CBSE Schools In Sindhudurg
    CBSE Schools In Wardha
    CBSE Schools In Washim
    CBSE Schools In Ahmednagar
    CBSE Schools In Akola

    ReplyDelete
  25. Nice Blog !
    Our team at QuickBooks Customer Service are capable of handling all the troubles of QuickBooks in less time.

    ReplyDelete
  26. It helps us raise a lot of money and find exactly what you’re looking for the first time. In the artitle many of the queries i have never to know about them,but i will study it following this article. Thanks for your sharing. coffee beans australia

    ReplyDelete
  27. Excellent. High end information from your end. I love to read such type of article and blogs. Keep on contributing Online hopping in Pakistan

    ReplyDelete
  28. impossible to find well-informed people in this particular topic,but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Skydive Fyrosity Las Vegas
    Columbia Interchange Omni Heat
    skydiving jobs

    ReplyDelete
  29. Hey There, I am Sofia Carter. If you follow the steps below, performing HP Wireless Printer setup will be simple. Switch on your wireless printer. Connect the printer to the wireless network using the touchscreen. A right arrow may be found on the touchscreen. It is pressed, and then the setup is pressed. Select the network from the configuration menu. Select the Wireless Setup Wizard option from the Network menu. A list of Network (SSID) names will appear. Choose yours and input the WEP/WPA password.

    ReplyDelete
  30. Thank you so much for writing this brilliant post, now I can remove silence from end because it is creating some issues that I can't handle them. Coursework Writing Services

    ReplyDelete
  31. How can I Delete Cash App Account permanently?
    Many times users get frustrated with the cash app service and think to Delete Cash App Account. But we would like to tell you that uninstalling an account from your device is not sufficient to delete the account from the server. We recommend you contact the support team and follow the complete process to delete the account.

    ReplyDelete
  32. Hi, after reading this awesome post I am as well delighted to share my know-how here with mates...US citizen travel to Turkey. Yes, all visitors from the US must have a valid Turkey visa for US citizens before entering Turkey.

    ReplyDelete
  33. Thanks for the share. But if you guys want Top Digital Branding Agency In Delhi then contact us. Candela Gentlemax Pro Laser Hair Removal

    ReplyDelete
  34. 토토 I want to say that this article is amazing, nice written and come with almost all significant infos. I'd like to look more posts like this


    ReplyDelete
  35. 스포츠토토 Hi there, I enjoy reading all of your post. I wanted to write a little comment to support you.

    ReplyDelete
  36. 카지노사이트 Hi, I wish for to subscribe for this web site to get most recent updates, therefore where can i do it please help.

    ReplyDelete
  37. I am really happy to say it’s an interesting post to read . I learn new information from your article , you are doing a great job . Keep it up

    야설

    ReplyDelete
  38. Really This goes far beyond the commenting! It wrote his thoughts while reading the article amazingly :)

    외국인출장

    ReplyDelete
  39. “I think commenting is the best part of my blogging – especially here at Pro Blogger. You see I’m not that profound or wise, but many of my readers are. Comments add value to my blog. They take my posts to the next level and often take my ideas in rewarding new directions.”

    마사지

    ReplyDelete
  40. This is a great informational article! I enjoyed reading this material. Thank you for putting a unique spin on this topic and giving me more factors to consider 룰렛

    ReplyDelete
  41. If you’re just getting into online *****, trying to revise your ***** tournament strategy, or love a good underdog story, then keep reading to find out how these unknowns burned through their professional competition to cash out at some of the biggest ***** tournaments in the world.
    온라인슬롯

    ><

    ReplyDelete
  42. you write very well this article, there are a lot of good resource here. i am sure i will visit this place again soon.

    my website - 경마사이트

    ReplyDelete
  43. Hello there, just changed into aware of your blog through Google,
    and located that it's truly informative 토토

    ReplyDelete
  44. What a fun way to learn! Thiswebsite’s online brand naming course was creative and informative at the same! I would highly recommend it!
    오피월드

    oworldsmewep


    ReplyDelete
  45. What Should I Do To Get My Money Back From Cash App Easily?
    If you want to Get My Money Back From Cash App and but you are unable to get it back due to some technical reasons, you have to acquire technical assistance to annihilate all the complexities you face while trying to apply for a refund. As a result, you can get your money back in a very short time span, without any hassle.

    ReplyDelete
  46. We understand that high-value assets are particularly vulnerable while in transit. Shipments and goods are constantly targeted by opportunistic and organized criminals. We must always stay ahead of them. The threats against high-value assets and valuable freiight are on the rise globally. For this reason, the protection and security of transported and static goods are paramount. security services in London

    ReplyDelete
  47. As stated earlier, there's a general increase in cases of terrorism and crimes because of police cutbacks. With the reduced number of the police, thieves are having a field day, knowing that they bodyguard company
    won't get caught easily. Because there's less risk for criminals to get arrested, burglary has become lucrative in London and the thieves have organized themselves into gangs that terrorize people even during the day. These thieves mainly target the high-end areas in London where they know they can get rich people and good returns for their criminal activities.

    ReplyDelete
  48. I don’t know whether it’s just me or if everybody else experiencing problems
    with your blog. It seems like some of the written text in your content are running off the screen. Can somebody else please comment and let me know if this is happening
    to them too? This might be a problem with my web browser because I’ve had this happen previously.

    Appreciate it.JOIN US 오피월드


    5YOUNGYANG

    ReplyDelete
  49. I’m gone to inform my little brother, that he should also pay a quick visit this blog on regular basis to obtain updated from most recent
    news.
    안전놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  50. 스포츠토토 Hi there, I check your blogs like every week. Your writing style is witty, keep up the good work!

    ReplyDelete
  51. 온라인카지노 I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post

    ReplyDelete
  52. I wanted to leave a little comment to support you and wish you a good continuation. Wishing you the best of luck for all your blogging efforts. 2captcha

    ReplyDelete
  53. Hello my friend! I want to say that this post is awesome, nice written and include almost all important infos. I would like to see more posts like this. 사설토토

    ReplyDelete
  54. Right here is the perfect blog for everyone who would like to understand this topic.
    You understand so much its almost hard to argue with you You certainly put a fresh spin on a subject which has been written about for a long time. Excellent stuff, just excellent! 온라인카지노

    ReplyDelete
  55. Nice article. it is helpful blog. article agree with me .Thanks for sharing these information with all of us.
    whatsapp mod

    ReplyDelete
  56. It¦s really a nice and useful piece of information. I¦m glad that you just shared this helpful information with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.



    스포츠토토
    토토사이트
    안전놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  57. I cannot thank you enough for the blog post .Really looking forward to read more. Awesome.


    카지노사이트
    카지노사이트홈
    카지노


    ReplyDelete
  58. It is in point of fact a nice and helpful piece of info.
    I’m happy that you simply shared this helpful information with us.

    Please stay us up to date like this. Thank you for sharing.

    카지노사이트
    바카라사이트
    온라인카지노사이트

    ReplyDelete
  59. Thanks for sharing this marvelous post. I m very pleased to read this article.
    토토사이트

    ReplyDelete
  60. As customization is easy proper, it needs the implementation of a few easy steps from your end. So, if you want to customize your Cash App card Design
    and are facing some difficulties due to the lack of information, don’t worry. All you have to do is to get in touch with the Cash App specialists who are having a great experience. Besides, these geeks also have certification and are proficient in handling such situations where the users need to change the look of their Cash App card. Here, these customer support representatives will assist you to do the same own your own. Apart from that, they will also resolve the problems effectively if takes place unexpectedly or unknowingly.

    ReplyDelete
  61. We are a top digital marketing company in Bangalore globally to improve your
    business revenue various services like SMM, PPC, SEO, and more
    8095538194

    Very Informative and useful… Keep it up the great work. I really appreciate your post
    https://bangaloredigitalmarketing.com/
    https://bangaloredigitalmarketing.com/digital-marketing-courses-in-bangalore/
    https://bengalurudigitalmarketing.blogspot.com/

    ReplyDelete
  62. This an excellent article blog, it offers solutions to difficult questions, easy description can make a difficult thing understandable, and you put so much effort to discuss everything in clear terms, thanks for sharing.
    wu post utme past question

    ReplyDelete
  63. Hello, I'm happy to see some great articles on your site. Would you like to come to my site later? My site also has posts, comments and communities similar to yours. Please visit and take a look keonhacai


    ReplyDelete
  64. I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post.
    Buy Email Accounts
    Buy Gmail Accounts
    Buy Yahoo Accounts
    Buy Outlook Accounts

    ReplyDelete
  65. I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post. Instagram pva accounts

    ReplyDelete
  66. Hello, I am one of the most impressed people in your article. 우리카지노 What you wrote was very helpful to me. Thank you. Actually, I run a site similar to you. If you have time, could you visit my site? Please leave your comments after reading what I wrote. If you do so, I will actively reflect your opinion. I think it will be a great help to run my site. Have a good day.


    ReplyDelete
  67. 스포츠중계 Hi there, after reading this remarkable paragraph i am too happy to share my experience here with friends.

    ReplyDelete
  68. Hello There. I found your blog using msn. 바카라사이트
    This is a very well written article.
    I’ll be sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your useful information. Thanks for the post.

    ReplyDelete
  69. Youre so right. Im there with you. Your weblog is definitely worth a read if anyone comes throughout it. Im lucky I did because now Ive received a whole new view of this. 메이저사이트추천


    ReplyDelete
  70. Recent studies show that an ingredient found in Great Earth PS products helps support healthy brain function Neurocaine.

    ReplyDelete
  71. A strong, short-acting empathogen structurally similar to MDMA. It is usually taken orally, and rarely sold in the form of powders or tablets that are snorted or swallowed. Effects typically last 3-6 hours. Bk-MDMA

    ReplyDelete
  72. Easy to use, our nice and clean white crystal A-PVP is as good as what you get on the streets - in a better, cleaner form. No adulterants or cutting agents included, this high purity crystalline powder hits hard and fast. In stock right now.

    ReplyDelete
  73. Hazard Communication (HMMA HCL) regulations govern the safe handling and labelling of hazardous materials. Whether it's pouring contaminants down a drain, applying dangerous stickers at printers, or mixing solvents with paint – HMMA HCL regulations are here to be enforced.

    ReplyDelete
  74. May I just say what a comfort to discover someone who actually knows what they are talking about online. You definitely realize how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people should look at this and understand this side of your story. I was surprised you’re not more popular because you certainly possess the gift.|
    스포츠토토티비

    ReplyDelete
  75. We absolutely love your blog and find almost all of your post’s to be just what I’m looking for. 온라인카지노사이트
    Does one offer guest writers to write content for you personally?
    I wouldn’t mind publishing a post or elaborating on a number of the subjects you write with regards to here.

    Again, awesome web log!

    ReplyDelete
  76. 카지노사이트홈 magnificent put up, very informative. I'm wondering why the opposite
    experts of this sector don't notice this. You must
    continue your writing. I am confident, you have a huge readers' base already!

    ReplyDelete
  77. Thanks for the marvelous post! I really enjoyed reading it, you might be a great author. I will certainly bookmark your blog and definitely will come back sometime soon. I want to encourage you to continue your great writing. เว็บแทงบอล

    ReplyDelete
  78. I definitely enjoy every little bit of it. It is a good website and good stock. I want to thank you. COVID-19 PCR test requirements to travel to Ethiopia, passengers must present a medical certificate showing a negative COVID-19 test result before boarding a flight to Ethiopia. You can read all info related to COVID-19 test for Ethiopia via visacent website.

    ReplyDelete

  79. I love to read this, thank you...Foreign nationals can get visas for India online. India visa application can be completed from home with the help of internet connection. In 5 to 10 minutes you can fill your form.

    ReplyDelete
  80. Great write-up, I am a big believer in commenting on blogs to inform the blog writers know that they’ve added something worthwhile to the world wide web!.. SEO Beratung

    ReplyDelete
  81. Totosite refers to betting sites for online sports programming. Many private Totos join this category, and the beautiful Toto site is called a playground or main site. List of betting site confirmation sites useful for finding Toto site. 토토사이트 cragro 안전놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  82. Your article looks really adorable, here’s a site link i dropped for you which you may like.
    경마

    ReplyDelete
  83. It's nice and comprehensive, with all the information needed, and has an enormous impact on technological advancements. Thank you for sharing this informationindian smm panel

    ReplyDelete
  84. 토토사이트
    안전놀이터


    I'm gone to tell my little brother, that he should also pay a quick visit
    this website on regular basis to get updated from hottest reports.

    ReplyDelete
  85. Through this post, I know that your good knowledge in playing with all the pieces was very helpful. I notify that this is the first place where I find issues I've been searching for. You have a clever yet attractive way of writing. antminer L7

    ReplyDelete

  86. Amazing website, Love it. Great work done. Nice website. Love it. This is really nice.

    Mp3 converter | Mp4 Converter

    ReplyDelete
  87. I am impressed. I don't think Ive met anyone who knows as much about this subject as you do. You are truly well informed and very intelligent. You wrote something that people could understand and made the subject intriguing for everyone. Really, great blog you have got here. I'm glad I found this web site, I couldn't find any knowledge on this matter prior to.Also operate a site and if you are ever interested in doing some visitor writing for me if possible feel free to let me know, im always look for people to check out my web site. 토토사이트추천

    ReplyDelete
  88. Hello! I just wish to supply a enormous thumbs up with the great information you may have here for this post. I am returning to your blog for more soon. Have you ever thought about writing an ebook or guest authoring on other websites? I have a blog centered on the same ideas you discuss and would love to have you share some stories/information. I know my audience would enjoy your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to shoot me an email. Wow!, this was a top quality post. In concept I’d like to publish like this as well – taking time and real effort to make a nice article… but what can I say… I keep putting it off and never seem to get something done 안전놀이터추천

    ReplyDelete
  89. Nice information, valuable and excellent design, as share good stuff with good ideas and concepts, lots of great information and inspiration, both of which I need, thanks to offer such a helpful information here. I was just browsing through the internet looking for some information and came across your blog. I am impressed by the information that you have on this blog. It shows how well you understand this subject. Bookmarked this page, will come back for more. Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this kind of information and enjoyed reading this one. Keep posting. Thanks for sharing. 가입머니주는사이트

    ReplyDelete
  90. Thanks for sharing your ideas. I might also like to convey that video games have been actually evolving. Modern tools and innovations have made it easier to create practical and interactive games. These types of entertainment games were not that sensible when the real concept was first being used. Just like other styles of technological innovation, video games way too have had to grow by means of many ages. This itself is testimony towards the fast growth and development of video games . I am glad to be a visitor of this arrant site ! , appreciate it for this rare info ! There is so much in this article that I would never have thought of on my own. Your content gives readers things to think about in an interesting way. 안전공원

    ReplyDelete
  91. There are some attention-grabbing closing dates in this article however I don’t know if I see all of them heart to heart. There is some validity but I’ll take maintain opinion until I look into it further. Good article , thanks and we would like extra! Added to FeedBurner as nicely . Your presence is great on this post. We love sharing good posts with our fans. Whenever you need more posts you can ask me for topic and title. Excellent work . Excellent read, Positive site, where did u come up with the information on this posting?I have read a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style. Thanks a million and please keep up the effective work . 먹튀검증커뮤니티

    ReplyDelete
  92. very nice post, i certainly love this website, keep on it . I’m impressed, I must say. Genuinely rarely will i encounter a weblog that’s both educative and entertaining, and let me tell you, you could have hit the nail about the head. Your concept is outstanding; the catch is something that not enough folks are speaking intelligently about. I am very happy which i found this at my seek out some thing concerning this. I discovered your this post while taking a gander at for some related information on blog search...It's a not all that horrendous post..keep posting and invigorate the information. 메이저사이트

    ReplyDelete
  93. Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive read something like this before. So nice to locate somebody by authentic applying for grants this subject. realy thanks for starting this up. this site is a thing that’s needed on the web, somebody after a little bit originality. helpful purpose of bringing a new challenge for the web! Nicely I definitely loved learning it. This particular topic procured by a person is very efficient for accurate preparing. Nicely I definitely loved learning it. This particular topic procured by a person is very efficient for accurate preparing. The most interesting text on this interesting topic that can be found on the net .. 토토배너

    ReplyDelete
  94. The post is very amazing around the world many people want to read this type of post I am also part of them and after the reading give good reviews . i read a great deal of stuff and i found that the method for keeping in touch with clearifing that precisely need to state was great so i am inspired and ilike to come back again in future.. Useful information ..I am very happy to read this article..thanks for giving us this useful information. Fantastic walk-through. I appreciate this post. Such an especially significant article. To a great degree charming to examine this article.I should need to thank you for the undertakings you had made for creating this astonishing article . Extraordinary blog. I took pleasure in scrutinizing your articles. This is extremely a wonderful scrutinized for me. I have bookmarked it and I am suspecting scrutinizing new articles. Continue doing amazing! 메이저놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  95. Nice information, valuable and excellent design, as share good stuff with good ideas and concepts, lots of great information and inspiration, both of which I need, thanks to offer such a helpful information here. I think this is an educational post and it is extremely helpful and learned. along these lines, I might want to thank you for the endeavors you have made in composing this article. Good post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this subject? I’d be very thankful if you could elaborate a little bit further. Appreciate it! I am thinking about how I may be told at whatever point another post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS which may do the trap? Have an extraordinary day! 다이사이

    ReplyDelete
  96. This is very interesting content! I have thoroughly enjoyed reading your points and have come to the conclusion that you are right about many of them. You are great. Acknowledges for paper such a beneficial composition, I stumbled beside your blog besides decipher a limited announce. I want your technique of inscription... there to everyone, here everybody is sharing such learning, so it's critical to see this website, and I used to visit this blog day by day . Thanks for picking out the time to discuss this, I feel great about it and love studying more on this topic. It is extremely helpful for me. Thanks for such a valuable help again. 안전토토사이트

    ReplyDelete
  97. Your article got me thinking about something. Who do we contact if we want anesthesia quickly? I have heard there are some mobile services online, and now I know which of these services is best at their job. I am glad my friends told me about them. Wow! Such an amazing and helpful post this is. I really really love it. It's so good and so awesome. I am just amazed. I hope that you continue to do your work like this in the future also. Awesome dispatch! I am indeed getting apt to over this info, is truly neighborly my buddy. Likewise fantastic blog here among many of the costly info you acquire. Reserve up the beneficial process you are doing here. 메이저놀이터

    ReplyDelete
  98. thank you, biomiracle merchandise plays a main role and it isn't always best for the splendor purpose however it also works to maintain us healthy. Our products will shield your pores and skin from pimples, wrinkles, darkcircles and tightens your pores and skin with none irritation. Thrilling topic for a weblog. I've been looking the net for amusing and came upon your internet site. Splendid publish. I'm satisfied This is clearly charming perusing. I am glad i discovered this and had the possibility to understand it. Extremely good profession on this substance. I really like it.
    카지노사이트운영방법

    ReplyDelete
  99. that is a remarkable inspiring article. I'm pretty a lot thrilled with your right paintings. You put honestly very useful information. This is the notable mind-set, despite the fact that is just now not assist to make every sence in any respect preaching approximately that mather 먹튀폴리스주소

    ReplyDelete
  100. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  101. EssayCorp assists thousands of scholars in providing Nursing Assignment Help. Our team works very dedicatedly, day and night, to provide round-the-clock assistance to scholars. It helps them feel free to ask their queries anytime. Therefore, scholars can avail themselves of our top-notch online writing services through multiple platforms like WhatsApp, Gmail, Facebook, and Instagram.

    ReplyDelete
  102. Do you want to know about Can You Use Cash App Card On Amazonor not? Yes, it is possible to use your Cash App visa debit card on your Amazon pay account to make payments. However, you may face some problems while trying to do the same but you can take aid from the experts.

    ReplyDelete
  103. That is the same thing that I am trying to find. Thanks for sharing this information... The application process of e visa Turkey is easy and simple, the application form of Turkey evisa is easy to fill out for everyone, if you want to apply for a visa check out the page.

    ReplyDelete
  104. If the status is showing Cash App Payment Completed But Not Received, it simply means that there is a delay in getting your money received in your Cash App account. However, such hurdles and obstacles can be sorted out automatically and you will be able to receive the money directly to your Cash App account. Apart from that, you have to directly contact the Cash App geeks who will help you in this regard even in a couple of seconds.

    ReplyDelete
  105. I truly adored visiting your post and this content was very unique. Thanks a lot for sharing this...
    Virginia Spousal Support
    Emergency Protective Order

    ReplyDelete
  106. This is a very useful blog and I learned more information to visit this post. Thanks alot for sharing this post.
    Abogado De Divorcio En Virginia


    ReplyDelete

  107. Digital Marketing Course in Delhi are an ideal way to further your career. You can get advice from experienced marketing professionals and establish your professional network as soon as you can. In fact, Digital Marketing Institute Digital Marketing course recently introduced a unique certification course for business leaders. It is designed to help improve your knowledge of marketing and boost the confidence to achieve your goals. Whether you are a senior marketer or rising star, this program is ideal for you. The program includes 12 classes and online modules, the program also features interactive Q&As along with support from a community of experts. It will provide all the information you need to make it. Presented by Raja Rajamannar, a senior market leader this program is open to senior marketing professionals, in addition to to professionals across all functions.

    ReplyDelete
  108. บุหรี่ไฟฟ้า เป็นวิธีที่น่าสนใจและนวัตกรรมในการเสนอทางเลือกที่ดีกว่าในการสูบบุหรี่แบบดั้งเดิม ด้วยการรวมเอาเทคโนโลยีที่ทันสมัย การออกแบบที่สวยงาม และประสิทธิภาพที่ยอดเยี่ยม บุหรี่ไฟฟ้านำเสนอประสบการณ์การสูบที่ไม่เหมือนใครสำหรับผู้ใช้ในทุกระดับ พร้อมกับความหลากหลายของรสชาติ

    ReplyDelete
  109. Your insights are truly impressed. Thanks for sharing an amazing information. Virginia Beach Traffic Lawyer

    ReplyDelete
  110. With the Relx Infinity, the company has embarked on a mission to create a vaping device that balances design, functionality, and user experience. The device represents a culmination of research, engineering, and a deep understanding of the modern vaper's needs and desires.

    ReplyDelete
  111. Infy, known for its innovative solutions and forward-thinking approach, has recently made a notable entry into the vaping industry. With its launch of the Infy Pod, the company has positioned itself as a game-changer in the vaping landscape.

    ReplyDelete
  112. One of the major advantages of บุหรี่ไฟฟ้า is that they don't produce tobacco smoke. Traditional cigarettes release over 7,000 chemicals when burned, many of which are toxic and harmful to both the smoker and those exposed to secondhand smoke. บุหรี่ไฟฟ้า eliminate the combustion process, thus significantly reducing the number of harmful chemicals.

    ReplyDelete
  113. One of Quik most significant attributes is its convenience. Designed for easy use, Quik features a straightforward operating system devoid of unnecessary complexities. This design allows users to enjoy their vaping experience without having to navigate through intricate settings.

    ReplyDelete
  114. In your article, I learned a lot of important information. Thanks for sharing this post. Hong Kong Citizenship has been a highly debated and sought-after topic in recent years. With the evolving political landscape and the impact of the 2019 protests, the issue of citizenship has taken center stage in the global discourse.

    ReplyDelete
  115. Thank You Mr Blogger . For this informative blog. Laos citizens planning to travel to India can apply for eVisa. India e Visa for Laos Citizens. The process usually involves filling out an online application form, providing a valid passport with at least six months' validity, a recent passport-sized photograph, and details about their travel plans and accommodations in India. Additionally, there's usually an application fee.

    ReplyDelete
  116. E-cigarettes Ks Kurve have emerged as a popular alternative for those seeking to quit traditional smoking. A part of this popularity stems from innovative and appealing products such as the KS Kurve. This product not only delivers a smooth vaping experience but also facilitates the cessation of smoking for many.

    ReplyDelete
  117. Ks Quik is a unique e-cigarette that is as functional as it is stylish. Its sleek design makes it comfortable to hold and easy to use, whether you are a seasoned vaper or a beginner. The compact nature of the KS Quik also enhances its portability, allowing users to carry it easily in their pockets, making vaping on the go a breeze.

    ReplyDelete
  118. Your dedication to providing insightful content is greatly appreciated. Your blog has become a go-to resource for me, and I've already learned so much from your posts. It's evident that you genuinely care about your readers' understanding and learning experience.
    ¿Cuánto Cuesta un Divorcio en el Estado de Nueva York?

    ReplyDelete
  119. Experience the difference with our tailored Service CV Writing Services Ireland designed exclusively for Irish professionals. Our skilled writers know what it takes to create CVs that captivate employers' attention. Don't settle for mediocrity; let us help you showcase your customer service expertise.

    ReplyDelete
  120. Effortless resolution of uncontested divorce in virginia with child. Streamlined legal process for a smooth separation. Your family's future, simplified.

    ReplyDelete
  121. Fascinating exploration! Attacking audio 'reCaptcha' with Google's Web Speech API unveils the evolving dynamics of online security. A thought-provoking demonstration of technology's impact on digital defense mechanisms.
    Nueva Jersey Violencia Doméstica Ley
    New Jersey Order of Protection

    ReplyDelete
  122. While this technique raises concerns about the effectiveness of 'reCaptcha' in preventing automated attacks, it also highlights the importance of continuously improving security measures to mitigate such vulnerabilities. How much is an uncontested divorce in Virginia

    ReplyDelete
  123. The user entered "debasish" and is asking for specific information or discussion about the term. They need more context to understand their request. They are asking for more information or lines related to "debasish" and are asking for more details to provide a better understanding Abogado DUI Fairfax.

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment